Bla ordlisten:

• sample
  — A selected portion of a population, e.g. of patients; … (read more)
• sample size
  — The actual or intended number of participants in a study; … (read more)
• scale
  — A instrument for measuring or rating an outcome over a given range of values; … (read more)
• screening
  — Using tests to find out whether or not a person has a specific health condition before it causes any symptoms; … (read more)
• screening test
  — A procedure used to find out whether or not a person has a specific health condition before it causes any symptoms; … (read more)
• secondary outcome
  — Outcomes measured in a study, which were pre-specified as less important than the primary outcomes; … (read more)
• selection criteria (eligibility criteria, exclusion criteria, inclusion criteria)
  — In systematic reviews, characteristics of studies used to decide whether they should be included; … (read more)
• sensitivity (true positive rate)
  — For tests, the proportion of patients with the condition of interest who have a positive test result; … (read more)
• shared decision making
  — A process through which patients and healthcare providers decide together how to manage health conditions; … (read more)
•   single blinding* (single masking)
  — Actions intended to prevent one group of people involved in a study knowing which participants received which treatment; … (read more)
• single participant trial (single case design)
  — A study in which different treatments are allocated at random to be taken at different times by one person; … (read more)
• smallest important difference
  — The smallest treatment effect that the people affected would identify as important; … (read more)
• specificity (true negative rate)
  — For tests, the proportion of patients without the condition of interest who have a negative test result; … (read more)
• spin (interpretation bias)
  — Bias resulting from interpreting the results of a study in a way which goes beyond an objective assessment of the evidence.; … (read more)
• sponsor bias
  — Bias resulting from the conduct of a study, or the interpretation of results, motivated by financial or academic vested interests.; … (read more)
• statistical power
  — In treatment comparisons, the likelihood that a study will be able to record sufficient outcome data to yield a statistically reliable measure of treatment effects; … (read more)
•   statistically significant
  — A result that is unlikely to have happened by chance. The usual threshold for this judgement is a likelihood of less than 5%; … (read more)
• stratified randomization (stratification, stratified allocation)
  — The process of assigning participants in a study to treatment comparison groups based on characteristics (strata) thought to affect their prognosis; … (read more)
• strength of recommendation (grade of recommendation)
  — The extent to which guideline developers are confident that the desirable consequences of adhering to a recommendation outweigh the undesirable consequences; … (read more)
• study (evaluation, test, test of treatments, treatment comparison, treatment test, trial)
  — An investigation using specified methods to answer a research question; e.g. about the effects of treatments; … (read more)
• study design see type of study (research design)
  — Key features of research methods used to categorize types of studies; … (read more)
• study participants (subjects*, participants)
  — The people included in a study; … (read more)
• study population
  — All of the participants in a study; … (read more)
• study, before-after see before-after study (before and after study, uncontrolled before and after study, uncontrolled before-after study)
  — A type of non-randomized study in which health conditions are measured before and after a treatment; … (read more)
• study, case-control see case-control study (matched pair study)
  — A type of non-randomized study comparing the characteristics of people with a particular health condition (cases) with the characteristics of people without that condition (controls), to find what may have caused the problem; … (read more)
• study, cluster randomized see cluster randomized study (cluster randomized trial, cluster randomized controlled trial, group randomized trial)
  — A treatment comparison in which pre-existing groups of people (e.g. hospitals) are randomly allocated to one or more treatment comparison groups; … (read more)
• study, cohort see cohort study (longitudinal study, prospective study, retrospective study)
  — A type of non-randomized study in which defined groups of people (cohort) are followed up over time to explore the effects of treatments or other factors that may affect health outcomes; … (read more)
• study, comparative see comparative study
  — Any study that compares two or more treatments or factors; … (read more)
• study, controlled see controlled study
  — A study with two or more treatment comparison groups; … (read more)
• study, controlled before-after see controlled before-after study (controlled before and after study, CBA study,)
  — A type of non-randomized study in which outcomes are measured before and after a treatment, both in a group that receives the treatment and in another comparison group; … (read more)
• study, cross-sectional see cross-sectional study (disease frequency survey, prevalence study)
  — A study measuring the distribution of a health condition, or other characteristics in a population at a particular point in time; … (read more)
• study, crossover see crossover study (crossover trial)
  — A type of randomized study in which the effects of two or more treatments are compared by giving them in different order (determined randomly) to each participant; … (read more)
• study, factorial see factorial study (factorial design, factorial trial)
  — A type of randomized study  in which the effects of two or more treatments are compared by giving them separately, together, or not at all; … (read more)
• study, interrupted time series see interrupted time series study (interrupted time series analysis, ITS study)
  — A type of non-randomized study that measures an outcome at multiple time points before and after a treatment (the ”interruption”); … (read more)
• study, multicentre see multicentre study
  — A study in which several sites (e.g. hospitals or primary care clinics) collaborate; … (read more)
• study, non-randomized see non-randomized study (non-experimental study, observational study,)
  — A category of studies that does not use random allocation to assign participants to treatment comparison groups; … (read more)
• study, parallel group see parallel group study
  — A type of study in which two or more groups of participants receive different treatments at the same time; … (read more)
• study, qualitative see qualitative study (qualitative research)
  — A study based on analyses of interviews, focus groups or observations used for gathering non-numerical data to describe social phenomena, such as experiences of health problems and treatments; … (read more)
• study, quantitative see quantitative study (quantitative research)
  — A study based on analyses of numerical data; … (read more)
• study, randomized see randomized study (randomized control trial, RCT, randomized trial, randomized controlled trial (should not be used))
  — A category of studies comparing two or more treatments in which random allocation is used to assign participants to treatment comparison groups; … (read more)
• study, repeated measures see repeated measures study
  — A type of non-randomized study, similar to an interrupted time series study, in which outcomes are measured in the same participants at multiple time points; … (read more)
• subgroup
  — A subset of a participants in a study or a population who share one or more specified characteristics; e.g. women or children; … (read more)
• subgroup analysis
  — Analyses restricted to selected groups of participants in a study to assess whether effect estimates vary across subgroups.; … (read more)
• summary of findings (summary of findings, iSoF, interactive summary of findings)
  — A table summarising key information about the most important treatment outcomes, including a summary of the results and the certainty of the evidence.; … (read more)
• surrogate outcome (proxy outcome, substitute outcome)
  — Outcomes measured in a study, which are not of direct practical importance but are believed to reflect outcomes that are important; … (read more)
• systematic review
  — A summary of studies addressing a clear question, using systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant studies, and to collect and analyse data from them; … (read more)